Histopathological assessment of wheat seedling tissues infected by Fusarium pseudograminearum

Histopathological assessment of infection by the crown rot pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum in wheat seedling tissues was performed using fluorescence microscopy. The coleoptiles and leaf sheaths of four host cultivars of differing susceptibility were examined. Leaf sheaths were most frequently penetrated via stomata, indicated by initial lesions forming at the guard cells. Internally, cell wall penetration was facilitated by penetration structures which appeared as hyphal swellings or septate foot‐shaped appressoria. Colonization of leaf sheaths resulted in the re‐emergence of hyphae from stomata on both surfaces of the sheath. These hyphae are hypothesized to have two major roles; first as exploratory hyphae for colonization of new tissues, and secondly as sites of profuse conidial production. The formation of conidia on the leaf sheath surface was only recorded on the most susceptible bread wheat genotype. No other major differences in host–pathogen interactions were observed among these cultivars. Almost all cell types in the leaf sheath tissues were extensively colonized, except for the vascular bundles and silica cells. This investigation provides the first comprehensive assessment of F. pseudograminearum infection structures and growth patterns during the infection of wheat seedlings.     

土壤优先流运动的活动流场模型分形特征参数计算

活动流场模型分形特征参数控制着优先流的产生和发展,因此准确获得活动流场模型分形特征参数值对提高模型的模拟预测精度具有重要意义。该研究采用染色示踪方法,将优先流流场从流动背景中显示出来,通过数字图像分析和采样分析获得优先流流场和流场内土壤含水率的分布模式,根据活动流场模型本构方程拟合活动流场模型分形特征参数值;针对3种常见的入渗后染色区内土壤含水率分布模式,分别提供了相应的活动流场模型分形特征参数的计算方法。研究结果显示,1）由于入渗后土壤水重分布的影响,活动流场区域和染色区域在整个入渗深度范围并不完全重合,因此仅可选择活动流场与染色区域相重合深度范围内受土壤初始含水率影响较小的数据来拟合活动流场模型分形特征参数值;2）土壤质地对入渗后染色区内土壤含水率的分布模式有显著影响,细质地土壤中入渗后染色区土壤含水率沿入渗方向逐渐减小,粗质地土壤中入渗后染色区土壤含水率沿入渗方向先增大后减小。     

水稻单C_2H_2型锌指基因ZOS2-01的表达与功能分析

拟南芥超雄基因（SUPERMAN,SUP）是一个单C2H2锌指基因。该基因突变后会造成雌蕊同源转化为雄蕊,正常的心皮发育受阻,因此SUP在控制花第3/4轮边界的建立和胚珠的发育中起重要作用。为了探知水稻中的SUP同源基因是否也存在类似的功能,我们根据拟南芥SUP的功能结构域,从水稻中克隆了一个与SUP类似基因,命名为ZOS2-01,并对其表达和功能进行了分析。结果表明,ZOS2-01与拟南芥的SUP和矮牵牛的PhSUP1在系统进化树上处于同一分支且与SUP的功能结构域完全相同。定量PCR和GUS表达分析表明,除胚乳外,ZOS2-01几乎在所有组织和器官中表达,但在幼穗中的表达量最高,暗示它可能参与了水稻的营养生长和花器官发育的调节。然而,采用RNA干扰和过量表达的方法减少和增加ZOS2-01的表达并没有明显影响水稻的生长发育,转基因水稻的营养生长正常,花器官发育也没有明显异常且结实正常。这些结果表明,尽管水稻ZOS2-01与拟南芥SUP具有相同的功能结构域,但它们的表达和功能可能已出现了分化,或者水稻中存在多个功能冗余的SUP类似基因。     

Microscopic observations of bacterial sorption in soil cores

 Bacterial cells may be immobilized in soil through adsorption to a variety of soil particles. These associations affect the interaction of native soil microbes with their nutrient sources and control at least in part the distribution of foreign bacteria entering the soil system. To observe the relationship between soil structure and adsorption of amended bacterial cells, a series of intact cores of Freehold fine sandy loam were inoculated with suspensions of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes cells at concentrations ranging from 10⁶ to 10⁸ cells per ml. The cells were cultivated in a glucose-based medium to induce spherical cell formation. Following inoculation, the soil cores were rinsed with sterile water (30–40 ml h^–1), flushed with thiazine red R to stain the bacterial cells, and then prepared for examination by common micromorphological techniques. The use of fluorescence, polarizing, and reflected light microscopy of soil thin sections, allowed direct, qualitative determinations of microbial distribution and associations with soil components. A. crystallopoietes cells were detected throughout the length of the soil columns. Soil pores did not appear to be clogged by the spherical A. crystallopoietes cells. Adsorption of amended bacteria was governed by the presence of both variably charged mineral oxides and organic matter within the intergrain microaggregates and occurred along coated mineral surfaces. Amendment of non-inoculated soil columns with 0.2% (w/v) solution of glucose demonstrated that the staining and sectioning procedure was sufficiently sensitive to detect growth of indigenous bacterial populations and their distributions within the soil matrix. Received; 6 April 1997     

5′UTR序列对DR5GUS基因瞬时表达的影响

利用生长素响应原件(DR5)构建了DR5::GUS报告基因表达载体,并在载体构建时,对GUS的5′UTR序列进行2种设计:一种是利用载体GUS基因原有的5′UTR构建成pBI121-DR5::GUS;另一种采用植物增强表达的常用原件烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的5′端序列(Ω′)替换GUS基因原有的5′UTR序列,构建成pBI121-DR5(Ω′)::GUS。将2种载体转化根癌农杆菌后,采用烟草叶片注射浸染的瞬时表达检测法对2个载体的植物表达效果进行检测,2种载体分别转化烟草叶片2 d后,对浸染的叶盘进行GUS染色分析,pBI121-DR5::GUS的转化叶片有明显的GUS反应,而pBI121-DR5(Ω′)::GUS的转化叶片则无GUS反应。分离注射浸染部位叶盘RNA后,对GUS特异引物进行RT-PCR分析,2种转化的基因都已有效转录出RNA,但前者能翻译出相应的Ω-葡萄糖苷酸酶,后者则不能完成翻译过程,说明Ω′序列的引入并未有效提高GUS基因的表达,反而抑制了mRNA的翻译。     

灌水效率碘—淀粉显色示踪试验

该文旨在研究不同土质、灌水量和灌水方法情况下入渗模式、灌水效率,并探讨不同灌水条件下溶质分布和水流运动模式之间的关系。根据碘－淀粉显色原理示踪水流运动和溶质迁移,分别在壤土和黏土条件下、开展了重力灌溉和微灌方式下的12组入渗试验,采用适用效率、深层渗漏损失率、有效储水率和均匀度对灌水效率进行综合评价。结果表明,入渗水再分布主要受到湿润模式的影响,有效储水率和均匀度随着灌水量的增加而提高,然而深层渗漏损失率也明显增大。溶质分布的均匀程度和深层渗漏损失率均小于水量分布的均匀程度和损失率,根据入渗后水分和溶质的再分布情况对灌水效率进行评价更为直接和全面。     

小型昆虫蛋白图谱检测方法的比较研究

以烟粉虱[Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)]和温室白粉虱[Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)]小型昆虫为研究对象,比较了这些小型昆虫可溶性蛋白SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的检测方法。结果表明,改进的复合银染法在蛋白质检测中具有效果好、简单快捷的特点。     

仁用杏微卫星非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳体系的优化

[目的]优化仁用杏微卫星非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳体系。[方法]以25份仁用杏和3份食用杏为材料,利用微卫星标记结合非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术筛选出多态性高、可重复的SSR位点。并比较不同因子对电泳体系的影响,探索仁用杏微卫星非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的优化体系。[结果]仁用杏微卫星非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的优化体系为：聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的浓度为6%,丙烯酰胺与甲叉双丙烯酰胺的比例为29∶1,1000V下电泳2～3h,0.1%AgNO3染色15min后显影。[结论]该优化体系为仁用杏资源微卫星标记遗传分析奠定了技术基础。     

水稻基因启动子Ospz1的克隆与表达特性研究

在水稻基因组芯片分析的基础上,克隆到一个在水稻中高水平表达基因OsSG15'末端启动子区域1.6-kb的DNA片断,即Ospz1启动子,构建了由Ospz1启动子引导的GUS重组基因,并经农杆菌介导将重组基因导入到水稻中.对转基因水稻植株中GUS活性的定性测定结果表明,Ospz1启动子可驱动GUS报告基因在转基因水稻植株叶片、芽和根中高效表达,而在其它器官中不表达或表达活性极弱,表现出组织特异性.Ospz1启动子可用于农作物生物技术的遗传改良.     

不同脱钙液对兔膝关节组织切片染色的影响

探讨不同脱钙液对新西兰大白兔膝关节切片染色效果的影响,为膝关节关节软骨及基质多糖的观察奠定试验基础。取正常新西兰大白兔膝关节,10%中性福尔马林溶液充分固定,流水冲洗后,分别浸入10%硝酸脱钙液、3%硝酸脱钙液、改良AF硝酸脱钙液及改良30%盐酸脱钙液中进行充分脱钙后,流水冲洗,制作石蜡切片,苏木精—伊红(HE)、奥尔辛蓝及沙红O染色,显微镜检观察并评价其效果。结果表明:①HE染色效果,3%硝酸组＞30%盐酸组＞10%硝酸组及改良AF硝酸组;②奥尔辛蓝及沙红O染色效果,3%硝酸组及改良AF硝酸组优于其他各组。